西北干旱地区危废填埋场封场技术特点探讨

干旱少雨、降雨分布不均、水资源短缺与恶化、风沙肆虐、大风天气较多、土壤退化、水土流失严重等是西北地区典型的生态环境问题,结合西北地区特色气候环境条件与危废填埋场的封场技术条件,探讨适合西北干旱地区危废填埋场的封场结构技术,适当降低封场排气层要求,提高防渗层、排水层、保护层的布置条件,选择适宜的植被类型,因地制宜进行封场后的土地利用一建设堆肥场或废弃物无害化处理场等,封场顶布置以中心向四边约5％的纵向坡度,并设置截洪沟和泄洪马道,合理有效地进行填埋场封场,最大限度地减少对环境的二次污染。     

Screening and Application of Functional Bacteria in the Advanced Treatment Process of Landfill Leachate

To improve organic pollutant degradability of landfill leachate, culture medium was prepared with landfill leachate and agar.And then three functional bacteria were cultured and screened from sludge in aeration pool of biochemical treatment system by bioaugmentation.Based on 16S rDNA identification, these bacteria were named Mari nobacter (coded Y1), Acinetobacter (coded Y2) and Escherichia (coded Y3).Functional bacteria were scaling up, and then inoculated into biological activated carbon (BAC) reactor by physical circle absorption method.With the control experiment, it was shown that the natural start up BAC had significant degradation capacity to organic pollutants with molecular weight M of 10 ~ 5 kDa.And the inoculums' start up BAC with functional bacteria was kept with was with removal rate of 76.1% for organic pollutants with molecular weight M of 100 ~ 30 kDa, and 80.9% for organic pollutants with molecular weight M exceeding 100 kDa.     

运用Cl^-示踪研究回灌渗滤液的运移特性

通过模拟垃圾柱进行Cl-示踪试验,比较研究回灌渗滤液的运移特性和垃圾密度、厚度对其运移的影响。结果表明,渗滤液回灌后,分别以通道流和基质流2种流态运移,且在运移过程中不断与填埋垃圾中固有水分进行混合和交换,回灌渗滤液的流出是一个较长的过程;填埋垃圾压实密度和厚度越小,通道流作用越显著,示踪溶液和填埋垃圾中固有水分间的交换和混合作用越不明显。在实施渗滤液回灌的生物反应器填埋场中,应保证填埋垃圾的压实密度和厚度。     

准好氧矿化垃圾床的装填密度研究

[目的]研究：位好氧矿化垃圾床的装填密度对渗滤液处理效果的影响。[方法]在实验室构建准好氧矿化垃圾床,通过测定COD、NH3-N和TN,比较分析不同装填密度反应床处理渗滤液的效果。[结果]当每立方矿化垃圾的水力负荷约45L／d、有机负荷约540g／d时,反应床对渗滤液中COD、NH3-N和TN的去除率分别达86％以上、92％以上和88％以上;当装填密度由1426kg／m^3减小到858kg／m^3时,渗滤液中COD、NH3-N和TN的去除率分别接近99％、100％和96％。根据不同装填密度反应床对渗滤液处理的效果和影响分析。初步确定试验奈件下准好氧矿化垃圾床适宜的装填密度为860kg／m^3。[结论]该研究可为准好氧矿化垃圾床的构建和应用提供定量化依据。     

高活性沼泽红假单胞菌分离及对垃圾渗滤液处理的研究

[目的]选育高活性沼泽红假卓胞菌并对其处理垃圾渗滤液的能力进行研究。[方法]采用平板涂布法从混合茵液中分离筛选出活性较高的菌株,通过正交试验筛选其最佳生长培养基并研究其处理垃圾渗滤液的能力。[结果]筛选到茵株BL,根据伯杰氏手册（第8版）鉴定其为沼泽红假单胞茵。通过正交试验确定其最佳培养基配方为NaHCO3 2．0g,CH3COONa2．0g,NH4Cl1．0g,K2HPO4 0．5g,NaCl2．0g,MgCl,0．2g,酵母膏0．5g,玉米浆0．8g,1000ml蒸馏水。在光照厌氧条件下用于处理垃圾渗滤液,在配合絮凝剂预处理垃圾渗滤液时CODCr和氨氮去除率分别高达44．8％和46．7％。{结论}菌株BL具有较高的细胞活性,并对垃圾渗滤液具有较强的处理能力。筛选到的新培养基具有简单、易配、低廉的优点。     

Allelopathic effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus urophylla</Emphasis> on ten tree species in south China

Aqueous leaf leachate and leaf volatile of Eucalyptus urophylla were used to investigate their effects on seed germination and seedling growth of seven native tree species (Cinnamomum burmanni, Cryptocarya concinna, Machilus chinensis, Photinia benthamiana, Pygeum topengii, Diospyros morrisiana and Pterospermum lanceaefolium) and three exotic tree species (Acacia confusa, Albizia lebbeck and Albizia falcataria). It was revealed that aqueous leaf leachate suppressed the seed germination and seedling growth of Photinia benthamiana, Pygeum topengii, Diospyros morrisiana and Pterospermum lanceaefolium. In case of Cryptocarya concinna, leaf leachate decreased only the seed germination. Leaf volatile concentration beyond 250 g per desiccator had a significant suppression effect on germination of Cinnamomum burmanni, Cryptocarya concinna, Machilus chinensis, Diospyros morrisiana and Pterospermum lanceaefolium. The seedlings growth for most species was affected at concentration of 50 g and above, with the exception of Cryptocarya concinna, Pygeum topengii and Albizia falcataria which were not obviously suppressed at 50 or 150 g leaf weight. However, the growth of Pterospermum lanceaefolium remained uninhibitory till when volatile at the concentration of 350 g leaf weight was applied. From the result it can be concluded that the allelochemical effects of the donor varies with the dose applied, and species respond differently to allelochemical released by the Eucalyptus.     

生物质成型燃料热解半焦产率及理化特性

序批式厌氧干发酵技术在规模化处理农业废弃物方面具备优势,通过工艺调控优化使产气效率得到明显改善,但对其物质转化特性的综合研究尚待深入。该文在发酵温度和秸秆粒径交互因素下,对不同干发酵环境理化特性及微生物群落进行比较,探寻提高物质转化效率机制、物料形态及渗滤液流动特性。结果表明,高温和细粒径条件显著改善生物转化效率,通过加速有机酸转化,使物料降解率和沼气产量提升了22.61%和56.17%。发酵10 d,细粒径物料结构-渗滤液流动规律基本稳定,形成渗滤液由反应器中区向外区流动趋势,并与Clostridiales、Bacillales、Methanosarcina、Methanoculleus丰度呈正相关（P＜0.05）,形成最佳转化状态。该研究可为评价和改善不同序批式厌氧干发酵体系运行效率提供理论依据。     

石灰混凝+吹脱+CO2曝气联合对垃圾渗滤液的处理实验研究

为了有效降低垃圾渗滤液中高浓度的氨氮和有机污染物,以便降低后期生化处理的污染负荷,采用石灰混凝+吹脱+CO2曝气联合法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,通过单因素实验研究CaO投加量、曝气时间、反应温度及气液比等因素对渗滤液中氨氮、COD以及UV254的去除效果的影响;通过正交实验研究综合处理效果最好的反应条件,并在正交实验后进行CO2曝气,以期降低实验后较高的pH和钙离子浓度。结果表明：氨氮去除率与各单因素呈正相关关系,COD及UV254的去除率与CaO投加量相关性较大。在正交试验得出的最佳混凝吹脱条件下,氨氮、COD、UV254的去除率分别能达到98.8%、60.2%、68.7%。进一步CO2曝气后,垃圾渗滤液pH由12.1降至6.8,钙离子浓度降低70.3%,COD去除率可达65.7%。     

聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺混凝处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

[目的]研究垃圾渗滤液的混凝处理效果,为垃圾渗滤液的预处理提供参考。[方法]以初期的垃圾渗滤液作为研究对象,采用烧杯搅拌对其进行混凝沉淀试验,研究了聚合氯化铝（PAC）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）的投加量和投加时间以及初始pH对混凝效果的影响。[结果]随着PAC投加量的增加,垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率先升高后降低,随着pH的增加,COD去除率也表现出先升后降的趋势,在pH 8.0,PAC投加量为20 g/L时,垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率最佳,为24.1%;另外,PAM的加入增强了混凝效果,在混合阶段投加15 ml0.1%PAM,混凝后COD的去除率达到了47.4%。[结论]垃圾渗滤液的混凝处理研究为垃圾渗滤液的实际处理提供了理论支持。     

粘土处理垃圾渗滤液的探讨

介绍了粘土处理垃圾渗滤液的作用机理和国内外研究概况。通过粘土作为处理介质,重点考察COD和氨氮的变化情况,对垃圾渗滤液的处理进行试验,并通过物理化学法、生物法、土地法等常规处理方法的比较,提出粘土处理垃圾渗滤液的可行性和应用性。